Illustration: Liu Rui/Global Times

Editor's Note:

Fifty years ago, not only the archaeological community but also ordinary people were stunned by the excavation of the Mawangdui Han Tombs. Among the findings is a remarkable discovery known as China's "Sleeping Beauty" (Lady Xin Zhui), an over 2,100-year-old lady who looks nearly as good as she did when she was buried after dying at the age of about 50, during China's Western Han Dynasty (206BC-AD25). The world has marveled at the mystery behind her body, as well as the numerous precious treasures unearthed from the tombs, including textiles and bamboo and silk manuscripts.

In this Mawangdui trilogy, the Global Times culture desk explores the decades of work in unearthing, research and development that can be seen as a milestone of China's great archaeology achievements.
Have you ever caught a glimpse of an ancient corpse over 2,100 years old, with moist skin, elastic subcutaneous soft tissue, and movable joints? Have you heard of a piece of gauze clothing woven in the Han Dynasty (206BC-AD220) that weighs just 49 grams? And have you tried playing an elegant competitive game called Liubo chess, which was already commonplace before the Qin Dynasty (221BC-206BC)?

All of aforementioned treasures, unearthed from the Mawangdui Han Tombs 50 years ago, continue to stun numerous visitors every day at the Hunan Museum in Changsha, Central China's Hunan Province. These items are just a tiny part of more than 20,000 artifacts excavated from the Mawangdui Tombs, which embody the Han dynasty's grand vision of afterlife transformation, rooted in sophisticated cosmological and philosophical conceptions of life and the universe.

Yu Yanjiao, director of the Research Center for Exhibition and Collections of Mawangdui Han Dynasty Tombs at the Hunan Museum, told the Global Times that the daily life objects and dietary utensils unearthed reflect the living habits and dietary customs of ancient Chinese people. These customs have been passed down through generations and are still preserved in many places today, demonstrating the continuity of Chinese civilization in terms of lifestyle habits.

With the unprecedented discoveries in the tombs shocking the world, the 50th anniversary of the archaeological excavation of the Mawangdui Han Tombs has emerged as one of the most significant events in the Chinese and even international archeological field. To fully showcase the fruitful results in the preservation, research, and utilization of the archaeological excavation of the Mawangdui Han Tombs, an international academic seminar kicked off in Changsha in August.

Gao Chenglin, deputy head of the Hunan Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, told the Global Times that the 50th anniversary of the archaeological excavation of the Mawangdui holds significant meaning, not only as a testament to the rich cultural heritage of China but also as a model for interdisciplinary collaboration in archaeological endeavors.

Model of research

For the past 50 years, over 4,000 scholars have devoted themselves to the study of the Mawangdui tombs, achieving the first truly multidisciplinary collaborative archaeological study of science and technology in the history of Chinese archaeology.

A comprehensive inventory of the artifacts unearthed from the tomb revealed a total of 26,937 items. The human remains, including the well-preserved body of Lady Xin Zhui, have been effectively protected through a comprehensive three-tiered approach at the holistic, cellular, and molecular levels, supported by a robust team from the Institute of Archaeology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, as well as the participation of a local medical college in Hunan Province in the preservation of the ancient corpses

"This model of national-level coordination and expert guidance has been inherited and promoted in other significant archaeological discoveries across China," Gao noted. The fruitful archeological discoveries and comprehensive research into the Mawangdui tombs have garnered significant attention both domestically and internationally.

The 2024 Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC) Summit will be held in Beijing from September 4 to 6. The theme of this year's summit is "Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level China-Africa Community with a Shared Future." In light of this, the Global Times launches a series of China-Africa stories, including interviews with political leaders, stories of exchanges between young people from China and African countries, and intensive cooperation in various fields. Through these stories, we will see how China and Africa are deepening their ties and building a brighter future together.

In this instalment, Global Times reporter Zhao Yusha talked with Mwangi Wachira, an advisor for the Kenyan government and also a former economist with the World Bank.
The keyword for China-Africa cooperation is "empathetic," as China "is able to put itself in my shoes, see the world from my perspective, and recognizes my ability to cause things to happen," said an advisor to the Kenyan government, noting that the West simply treats Africans as though they are passive.

Mwangi Wachira, an advisor to the Kenyan government and also a former economist at the World Bank, said that he holds high expectation of this year's FOCAC as it is the first after the COVID-19 pandemic. "There will be face-to-face meetings and more new programs will be launched… The Africans, at least the ones who are coming, are expecting a new chapter during the post-COVID era of cooperation."

Cooperation with China is accelerating at a better time for Africa, as countries in this continent are trying to get rid of an old model of development and emerging from the COVID swoon, Wachira said during an interview with the Global Times. "The news that some Chinese companies are interested in locating some of their operations on the continent is excellent news for us."

China-Africa trade reached a record high of $282.1 billion in 2023, up 1.5 percent year-on-year, showing strong resilience. In 2023, exports of China's new-energy vehicles, lithium batteries, and photovoltaic products to Africa increased by 291 percent, 109 percent, and 57 percent year-on-year respectively, data from the General Administration of Customs showed in August this year.
Cooperation alone is not the whole story of the deep ties between China and Africa. Many African countries are also eyeing the insights and lessons from China's rapid development.

As a policy advisor to the Kenyan government, Wachira has followed China's policies and development model closely. He said he paid close attention to the third plenary session of the 20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, which convened in Beijing in July.

"One is hoping that, as China jumps into or gets deeper into innovation, change, and fast-tracking changes for its own economy, we will benefit as a result of that," said Wachira.

"Most of the policymakers with whom I have talked would love to figure out how you could uplift so many people out of poverty in such a short time," said Wachira. "We would pay anything to figure out how you did it."

Such development also sheds light on what he called "modernization with African characteristics."

Experts and scholars from Africa, including Wachira and Nkolo Foe, a professor at the School of Humanities of the University of Yaoundé I in Cameroon, noted recently that advancing modernization bears on the future of humanity and the well-being of people of all countries, and that China, in its cooperation with Africa, "leaves the continent free to pursue modernization 'African style'" and the two sides need to work together in their pursuit for modernization.

In response, Lin Jian, spokesperson of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, said on Thursday that "realizing modernization is the common pursuit of China and African countries. China firmly supports Africa in exploring the path of independent development and focuses on the three areas where modernization is most needed."

Lin said that at the China-Africa Think Tanks Forum held in March this year, Chinese and African scholars reached the Dar es Salaam Consensus, stressing that countries should choose development paths based on their own national conditions and cultural characteristics; jointly promote the building of equal and orderly multipolar world and a universally beneficial and inclusive economic globalization; and address the structural difficulties constraining developing countries' modernization process.

This form of thinking breaks the myth that "modernization equals Westernization," expanding developing countries' choices of modernization paths, and reflecting the common aspiration of the Global South.

In recent years, US officials have also called on Washington to prioritize matching China's presence in the Global South. Speaking at a Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing in August, Ben Cardin, a Democratic senator and chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said the US needs to offer the Global South an alternative to China, US media reported.

Wachira used the word "empathetic" to describe China's cooperation with African countries, and described the fundamental difference between China's cooperation with Africa and the US' cooperation with Africa.

"My own view is that China's engagement recognizes my agency. It recognizes my ability to cause things to happen. The other one simply treats me as if I am passive. And that's the difference. Many people and policymakers with whom I talk will share this opinion," said Wachira.

He cited an example of how Chinese companies operate in Africa compared to how the US-owned ones work. When Chinese companies establish operations in Africa, they hire local people, offer training to those African workers, and raise local people to the management level, said Wachira. Meanwhile, Western companies sell things at higher prices and don't generate as many jobs, said Wachira.

"The world needs to be truly multinational. We want a multipolar world. And the collaboration between Africa and China does help create that multipolar world. It's a world which gives Africans the hope that their voices will be heard," Wachira noted.

Northeast Asia is one of the world's geopolitical hotspots. Japan and South Korea are two key players and the only two developed countries in the region, making their bilateral relationship particularly important. But their ties have often been marked by complexities and bumps. According to South Korea's presidential office, Japanese Prime Minister Fumio Kishida will make a two-day visit to South Korea from Friday and hold summit talks with President Yoon Suk-yeol. The news story has attracted widespread attention.

Japanese Chief Cabinet Secretary Yoshimasa Hayashi stated that the meeting will be an "important occasion" for the two leaders to discuss further cooperation between their governments.

Since Kishida has already announced that he will not be running in the Liberal Democratic Party's leadership election, his tenure as prime minister is entering its final phase. So, why is he visiting South Korea at this time?

The first reason is the influence of the US. Relations with the US are the axis of Japan's foreign policy. In recent years, Japan's strategic significance in US geopolitical strategy has increased due to the factors of great power competition. Japan acts as a pawn in provoking China. Under the Joe Biden administration, the US has leaned toward forming minilateralism groups or alliances to counter China. The "Indo-Pacific Strategy" has become a crucial geopolitical strategy for the US due to this approach, and AUKUS is a product of the same strategic thinking.

For the US, the current top priority is to eliminate any disputes between Japan and South Korea, bolster minilateral alliances, and form a united front against China and Russia. The intention of Kishida's visit to South Korea this time is to help the US achieve its purposes. It should be noted that in the US military alliance system, Japan has a higher status than South Korea, and Kishida is willing to follow the US' arrangement.

Second, the visit could be about Japan's own calculations in confronting China. This year, China-Japan relations have become more tense due to Japan's provocative behaviors. Since South Korea is closer to China geographically, once a confrontational pattern is formed, South Korea may bear greater strategic pressure than Japan. Kishida's move also aims to share the stress with South Korea.

Third, Kishida has his own political motives. During his term, Japan's economy continues to decline, its GDP has been exceeded by Germany. Meanwhile, China has caught up with Japan in the automotive field.

Kishida Cabinet's approval rating continued to decline. In the end, he could only announce his withdrawal from the election, sounding the death knell for his political life. However, as a seasoned politician, Kishida still attempts to leave some political legacy, visiting South Korea could be one.

Despite domestic opposition, Kishida's proactive visit to South Korea as an outgoing prime minister will not harm his political interests. The incoming prime minister will have space to make adjustments to the bilateral relationship if the government is unsatisfied with the results of this visit. More importantly, if both of the above goals can be achieved, it would be a full victory for Kishida. Kishida is only 67 after all, and still has the potential to make a comeback, making this visit to Korea a high-stake gamble for his future political career.

In regard of this visit, South Korean media outlet the Hankyoreh suggest that if Kishida only comes empty-handed to take photos without the minimum sincere gesture to pursue true Japan-Korea friendship, this visit will be meaningless. This reflects the sentiment in South Korea - many Koreans are dissatisfied with the Yoon administration's repeated concessions in diplomacy with Japan.

However, with Kishida stepping down, even if he were really committed to making meaningful progress in ties with South Korea, limited time would hinder any effort, which might be exactly the kind of trick Kishida wants to play.

In today's turbulent world, with ongoing regional conflicts, including the Ukraine crisis, the Palestine-Israel conflicts and the Red Sea crisis, showing no sign of settlement, peace is becoming a luxury. Against this background, any individual who prioritizes personal interests, provokes neighbors and escalates disputes, should be criticized for hindering peace and prosperity of the region and the world.

Chinese President Xi Jinping on Friday met with Somali President Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, who is in Beijing for the 2024 Summit of the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).

Chinese President Xi Jinping on Saturday urged beefed-up disaster relief after Super Typhoon Yagi strikes south China over the weekend.

Super Typhoon Yagi has made landfall in South China's Hainan and Guangdong provinces on Friday and is set to impact Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region over the weekend. In response, Chinese authorities have initiated disaster prevention, reduction, and relief efforts as multiple coastal cities have suspended unnecessary activities and operations of airports, schools and markets.     

As of 12 am on Saturday, the typhoon has affected 1.227 million people across Hainan, Guangdong, and Guangxi, with 3 deaths and 95 injuries reported.

The State Flood Control and Drought Relief Headquarters raised its emergency response to floods and typhoons from Level IV to Level III in South China's Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region on Friday. 

According to media report, the National Development and Reform Commission allocated 200 million yuan urgently on Saturday to support disaster relief efforts in Hainan and Guangdong after the typhoon hit the two provinces. The funding will be primarily used for the repair and restoration of infrastructure and public service facilities in the disaster-stricken areas.

A working group has been dispatched to Guangxi by the headquarters. In response to the severe impacts of the typhoon on Hainan, the national commission for disaster prevention, reduction and relief also activated a Level-IV disaster-relief emergency response, according to Xinhua.

China has a four-tier emergency response system, with Level I the highest level, as well as a four-tier color-coded weather warning system, with red representing the most severe, followed by orange, yellow and blue. 

China's National Meteorological Center on Saturday morning renewed a red alert for Yagi. The typhoon made landfall in Wenchang city, Hainan Province, and Xuwen county, Guangdong Province, on Friday. Afterward, Yagi moved westward to Beibu Gulf, gradually weakening, according to China Central Television (CCTV).

In Hainan Province, Haikou Meilan International Airport is expected to cancel all flights before 3:00 pm on Saturday, while since 10:00 am on the day, Qionghai Boao Airport and Sanya Phoenix International Airport have resumed flights operation gradually, CCTV reported. 

In Guangdong Province, the coastal city of Zhanjiang remained under a red alert for typhoon on Saturday morning, with nearly all non-essential activities suspended. Operations in scenic spots, schools, markets, ferry ports, and construction sites were halted as a precaution.

A local resident from Zhanjiang Luo Weiwen told the Global Times on Saturday that they have been told not to go out until the red alert is ended. Before the typhoon arrived, local residents followed government guidance to stock up on food and essential supplies. 

In Guangxi, the coastal city Beihai has also closed commercial venues, suspended classes in schools and stopped operations in all construction sites started from Friday to prevent the damages caused by the typhoon, CCTV reported. 

China's local government debt periodically makes headlines in Western media outlets. Some Western commentators criticize the so-called "problematic balance" in China's central-local fiscal relationship, claiming it adds to the challenges facing the Chinese economy. Such voices are absurd and completely run counter to China's economic reality.

The fiscal relationship between China's central and local governments consists of three main parts. The first is the division of fiscal revenues. The second is the division of expenditure responsibilities. The third is the transfer payment system, under which higher-level governments allocate funds to lower-level governments, with the aim of addressing regional fiscal imbalances and realizing inter-regional equalization of basic public services.

Some Western analysts claim that the central government specifies the services that local governments must provide, yet declines to hand over the revenue sources that fund them. Such analysts criticize the so-called mismatch between revenue and expenditure, which they claim makes the local government debt problem worse. 

That sounds absurd since those analysts ignore a fact: transfer payments are an important part of China's fiscal system, serving as an important means for the government to realize the equalization of public services. It would be imprudent to analyze the fiscal relationship between the central and local governments without taking transfer payments into account.

Transfer payments from the central government to local governments rose from 4.5 trillion yuan ($631.6 billion) in 2012 to 10.2 trillion yuan in 2024, vigorously promoting regional coordinated development and the equalization of basic public services, the Xinhua News Agency reported, citing official data. 

China has done a lot to sort out the central-local fiscal relationship, and such efforts will continue. Chinese officials have made it clear that the country will deepen reform of the fiscal and tax systems, accelerate the building of a fiscal system compatible with Chinese modernization, and establish a fiscal relationship between the central and local governments that features a clear division of responsibilities, coordinated financial resources and regional balance.

China's economy has shifted toward high-quality development, and the country is now at a critical period of transforming its economic development model. As China's economic transition continues, it is necessary to continue to improve the central-local fiscal relationship, optimizing the fiscal structure to meet the needs of high-quality development. This is just a normal part of economic progress.

Some Western observers claim it is difficult to solve the local government debt problem, because the issue has its roots in China's system of revenue sharing between the central and local governments. Those accusations are groundless and untenable. 

China's local government debt risk is controllable, and the country's overall debt level is still significantly lower than that of many other economies.

However, some Western media outlets are keen to hype the local government debt problem in China. They choose to neglect the facts as well as the efforts of the Chinese central government and local governments in resolving debt. For instance, the Chinese central government has stepped up the regulation of hidden local government debt to prevent and resolve financial risks. China is capable of ensuring financial stability and preventing systemic risk.

Last but not least, China's economic and financial stability provides the best condition for facilitating the reform of its fiscal and tax systems. Officials have said that the reform will focus on three areas: enhancing the budget system, refining the tax system, and improving the fiscal relationship between the central and local governments, according to Xinhua.

Official figures showed the country's fiscal revenue nearly doubled from 11.7 trillion yuan in 2012 to 21.7 trillion yuan in 2023. China's fiscal strength leaves substantial room to further reform its fiscal and tax systems and optimize its fiscal structure.

The fifth Qingdao Multinationals Summit was held recently in Qingdao, East China's Shandong Province, drawing more than 500 attendees from more than 450 multinational enterprises. In a complex international environment, the summit was, to some extent, an epitome of the true interaction between China and the global economy.

China is ramping up efforts to attract foreign investment, underscoring its commitment to further opening up its vast market to global enterprises. The Qingdao Multinationals Summit, coming at a time when a series of high-level meetings reaffirmed China will remain committed to the basic state policy of opening to the outside world, highlighted the latest stage of a concrete effort by the Chinese government to attract foreign investors and provide them with a more favorable, convenient and business-friendly environment.

Recently, some Western politicians and media outlets have hyped a narrative that the investment environment in China is "deteriorating." Their purpose is to create a sense of insecurity among foreign investors, in line with their efforts to artificially push economic "decoupling" from China, and to stymie China's ability to develop high-tech industries. However, facts have proven that China's business environment has continued to improve, as the country further expands high-level opening-up.

Earlier this month, an executive meeting of the State Council reviewed and approved four documents including the 2024 edition of a set of special administrative measures - a negative list - for foreign investment access.

According to the negative list, China will relax restrictions on foreign investment further by completely abolishing entry barriers in the manufacturing sector, while accelerating the opening up of sectors such as telecommunication, education and healthcare services, the Xinhua News Agency reported.

Such efforts showcase China's high-quality development and high-level opening-up and help foreign companies better grab China's opportunities. Any rumors or smears against China's business environment are easily debunked in the face of such a big move in attracting foreign investment. China holds a consistent attitude on welcoming foreign enterprises. Foreign companies that operate in accordance with the law absolutely have nothing to be concerned about.

From another perspective, the Qingdao Multinationals Summit not only served as the latest effort by China to attract foreign investment, but also demonstrated foreign investors' confidence in the Chinese economy, constituting a model of positive interaction.

More than 500 delegates from multinational enterprises attended this year's summit, including 99 multinational companies participating in the summit for the first time. Many delegates said that they believe the resilience of China's economy and its high-quality development are creating new opportunities for multinational companies, according to media reports.

China's commitment to high-standard opening-up and an improved business environment has boosted the confidence of foreign investors. It is believed the country will remain one of the world's most attractive destinations for foreign direct investment (FDI), despite a complex international environment, geopolitical tensions and some countries' attempts to exclude China from the global supply chain.

Multinational companies are not only interested in China's consumer market, but also many other factors such as its complete industrial chain and technological innovation. 

In recent years, China's high-tech industries became a bright spot in attracting foreign investment. The high-tech industries attracted 423.34 billion yuan ($59.6 billion) of FDI in 2023, accounting for 37.3 percent of the country's total utilized FDI. China has provided fertile soil for the development of new technologies and business forms. 

China's attraction to foreign investment is continuing to expand. Moreover, this attraction is not just the growth of China's consumption, but a comprehensive economic advantage. As some participants said on the sidelines of the Qingdao Multinationals Summit, they see the long-term growth potential of China, which is why they continue to increase investment in the country.

The 2024 Forbes China Youth Art and Innovation Forum took place in Shenzhen's Futian District on Saturday, bringing together international art masters, enthusiasts, and emerging young artists.

The forum featured discussions on the value of art education and the development of the art industry in both the East and West. During the event, the results of the 2024 Forbes Top 100 Youth Artists competition were revealed.

Organized by Forbes China, the event aimed to ignite young people's passion for artistic creation and promote innovation and development in China's art scene.

Among the winners, students from the Shenzhen College of International Education and the SZMS Nanshan Innovation School took home the gold prize and special award for their outstanding creative works.
One of the special award winners, Li Bingchen from the SZMS Nanshan Innovation School, presented his piece, "Lucky Elephant."

He said, "Using the Forbes platform, I want to harness the power of art to inspire more people and contribute to animal protection and environmental care through artistic expression."

A tour bus filled with travelers passed by a bustling construction site in a suburb of Tanzania's Zanzibar, adorned with posters of Chinese companies and where Chinese engineers were busy at work. One American tourist couldn't help but wonder: why are there so many Chinese in the local area?

That is the question that is also befuddling officials in Washington. As China and Africa have fostered closer partnership in many fields and China's engagement in this continent becomes deeper and wider, some Western countries have started to not only smear their cooperation, but also called for competition to be stepped up with China in Africa. Such hyping and calling for competition have intensified just ahead of the 2024 Summit of Forum on China-Africa Cooperation (FOCAC).

The key distinction between China and the US in their engagement with Africa is that Beijing has taken a reciprocal and more empathetic approach, allowing it to better understand the needs of the continent and tailor its collaboration accordingly. This stands in contrast to the traditional carrot-and-stick approach used by some Western countries to coerce African nations into serving their own interests, according to experts.

This year's FOCAC will be held in Beijing from September 4 to 6, Chinese Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying announced last month.

The theme of the summit is "Joining Hands to Advance Modernization and Build a High-Level China-Africa Community with a Shared Future," Hua said, adding that leaders of FOCAC's African members will attend the summit at the invitation of the forum.

The upcoming FOCAC summit marks another grand reunion of the China-Africa big family post-COVID pandemic, and has been hailed by Chinese and African experts as a milestone opportunity to chart the course for enhanced cooperation in the future.

Ahead of the highly-anticipated gathering, some foreign media have launched another wave of campaign hyping China's cooperation with Africa, with reports on issues ranging from sensationalizing Chinese loans to China's green product exports to the continent.

The National Interest, an American magazine, published an article saying that China is winning the Global South as a provider of a large amount of public goods for developing countries, including African ones.

In recent years, US officials have also called for Washington to prioritize efforts to match China's influence among the Global South. Speaking at a Senate Foreign Relations Committee hearing last month, Ben Cardin, a Democratic senator and chair of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, said the US needs to offer the Global South an alternative to China.

Closer cooperation

A new Gallup report released in April this year shows median approval ratings for the US in Africa slipped from 59 percent in 2022 to 56 percent in 2023. Of the four global powers surveyed, the US was the only one not to see its image improve across Africa in 2023. Meanwhile, China's approval in the region rose six percentage points, from 52 percent in 2022 to 58 percent in 2023, two points ahead of the US.

There are vast differences in the quality of the engagement with the West, spearheaded by the US and the engagement with China, Mwangi Wachira, a former economist with the World Bank and an advisor for the Kenyan government, told the Global Times.

The Chinese engagement shows thoughtfulness. It gives us say in what we are doing, in contrast to the Western institutions, Wachira noted.

"You [China] can put yourself in my shoes…You can look at things from my perspective. Not always true from the Western side," said Wachira.

China's cooperation with Africa differs from the US' in its essence. While China offers equal and mutually beneficial partnerships that contribute to the development of these nations, the US often employs a carrot-and-stick approach to coerce for support in its own interests, and treats these countries as tools in a geopolitical competition, said Song Wei, a professor from the School of International Relations and Diplomacy at Beijing Foreign Studies University.

Experts said geopolitical struggles are not what African countries want, and if the US really cares, it can find vast potential for cooperating with China on this continent, not competition, said Song.

Apart from trade, African scholars also praised China for its assistance in building infrastructure in Africa, Chinese companies' contribution to local development and how China's development model can present valuable insights that can guide African countries and other Global South economies in shaping a more prosperous and inclusive future.

The cooperation between Africa and China and that of Africa and the West differ mainly in how African preferences are addressed, Endalkachew Sime, PhD student at Peking University, ex-state minister of planning and development of Ethiopia and ex-secretary general of the Ethiopian Chamber of Commerce and Sectoral Associations, told the Global Times.

"For specific projects, particularly in infrastructure, African countries find that their needs and priorities are better met through Chinese cooperation. It's not just about financing; it's also about training and capacity building," said Sime.

Take the companies as an example. Once Chinese companies establish operations in Africa, they hire local people, offer training skills and raise local people to the management level, said Wachira.